Next Trainings

Since 1994, Beta Telecom have been ministering, successfully, a variety of trainings in the areas of telecomunications, with hundreds of engineers and technicians trained in the most different companies, both private and public.

This has been happening both in open trainings, offered to the general public, and in company trainings. Theoretical and practical trainings are also avaliable.

Request a commercial proposal with no commitment or contact us if you have any questions.


Open Trainings – 2020 Schedule

Beta Telecom offers a variety of trainings. The avaliable trainings for 2020 are listed below. In case you want more details about the trainings and want to know their summary, please, contact us.

2020 – 1st Half

  • March 26 and 27 – Principles of Eletromagnetic Complatibility – Wilton Jose Fleming
  • April 02 and 03 – Antennas: Basic Concepts, Projects and Measurements – Helcio Aranha
  • May 14 and 15 – Cable TV and Broadband Networks (CATV) – Helcio Aranha
  • May 28 and 29 – Radio Links, Propagation and Modulation – Wilton Jose Fleming
  • June 04 and 05 – RF Projects: Basic Concepts and High Frequency Circuits Projects – Wilton Jose Fleming

2020 – 2nd Half

  • September 10 and 11 – Vetorial Modulation Principles and RF Measurementes on Satellite Up Link – Wilton Jose Fleming
  • October 08 and 09 – Radar Principles – Wilton Jose Fleming
  • November 05 and 06 – Antennas: Basic Concepts, Projects and Measurements – Helcio Aranha
  • November 19 and 20 – Principles of Eletromagnetic Complatibility – Wilton Jose Fleming

In Company Trainings

Beta Telecom ministry a variety of dedicated trainings, with specific summaries according to each company necessities, in the areas of high frequency, measurements ans tests (spectrum analyzers, network analyzers, digital modulation, antennas and more). We can even create new trainings to fulfill and satisfy the client’s requests.

Access the “Client – Training – Past Trainings” page to find all the companies that went through our trainings.

You can find the the summaries of the trainings ministrated in company below:


Spectrum Analyzer – Theoretical and Practical Training

Objective: The objective is to provide an overview of the measurement techniques in RF and microwaves with Spectrum Analyzers. Important measurements and analysis will be presented for the evaluation of modulated signals, spurious, distortion, power and frequency and examples of traditionally executed measurements.

Targeted audience: Professionals working on operation, implementation, projects, fiscalization and evaluation of transmission systems, reception, RF and microwaves, generally.

Workload: 12 hours.

Summary
  • Spectrum Analyzer overview (Test types that can be done: power, frequency, distortion, mosulation, noise level).
  • Concepts about mastery in time and in frequency
  • Fourier Analysis
  • Linear and non linear circuits
  • Transmission without distortion
  • Concepts on dB, Dbm dBmV
  • (?)Analyzer with sweep (Spam)
  • Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
  • Mixer and its properties
  • (?)Local Oscilator and sweep
  • Intermediary frequency filters (RBW) and its implications im measurements
  • Detectors (peak, rms)
  • Video filter functions (Video BW)
  • Input attenuator and FI circuits gain
  • Spectrum Analyzer important specifications (frequency band,
    accurate amplitude and frequency measurements, frequency resolutions, sensibility, distortion, dynamic band)
  • AM Modultion
  • FM Modulation
  • Digital Modulation
  • Residual FM measurements
  • Phase noise measurements
  • Intermodulation measurements (two tones)
  • Digital Intermodulation measurements
  • Sweep time influence on measurements
  • Input attenuator effects
  • Spurious signals measurements
  • Bandwidth and busy band measurements
  • Power density measurements
  • Signals with antennas measurements (field strnght)
  • Zero Span measurements
  • Precautions on the use of the Spectrum Analyzer

Network Analyzer – Theoretical and Practical Training

Objective: The objective is to provide an overview of the techniques of measurements in RF and microwaves with Scalar and Vector Network Analyzers. Important measurements and analisys will be presented for the evaluation of devices such as attenuators, circulators, directional couplers, hybrids, amplifiers, filters and more, as well as tradiotionally executed measurements exemples.

Targeted audience: Professionals working on operation, implementation, projects, fiscalization and evaluation of transmission systems, reception, RF and microwaves, generally.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary
  • Transmission lines principles
  • Concepts of dB, dBm, dBmV
  • Transmission parameters
  • Transmission without distortion criteria
  • High frequencies devices characterization
  • Reflection coefficient
  • Stationary wave coefficient
  • Return loss
  • Insertion loss
  • Coaxial cables and connectors
  • Smith’s letter
  • Analisys parameters
  • Devices characterization
  • Y parameters
  • S parameters
  • Parameters transformation
  • S parameters measurements
  • Couplers directivity
  • Measurement errors
  • Scalar Network Analyzer
  • Vector Network Analyzer
  • Spectrum Analyzers and Network Analyzers differences
  • Calibration errors and patterns
  • Waveguides
  • Reflection measurements (one port)
  • Transmission measurements
  • Frequency and power sweeping
  • Gain compression
  • AM-AM and AM-PM distortion
  • Filter measurements (frequency response, band rejection, group delay)

Antennas

Objective: To provide an overview of the antenna theory an the most commonly used types. We will emphasize the most frequently used antennas project, including testing methodology. The professional should leave the training being fit to specify and, mainly, choose and evaluate antennas for their link.

Targeted audience: Professionals working on the areas of RF and microwae transmission, such as cellphone systems, satellite communications, and more, who wish to be updated with the techniques of evaluation, project and antennas analisys.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. Introduction

II. Historic

III. Basic Concepts

III.1. Definitions
III.2. Antenna with one terminated transmission line
III.3. Impedance and format considerations
III.4. power theorem and its application on ine isotropic source

IV. Antenna Parameters

IV.1. Dimmensions
IV.2. The Isotropic Antenna
IV.3. Radiation diagrams
IV.4. Gain and Directivity
IV.5. Beam width
IV.6. Polarization
IV.7. Impedance
IV.8. Frequency range
IV.9. Noise temperature
IV.10. Merit factor (G/T)
IV.11. Efficiency

V. Antenna Types

V.1. Dipoles and monopoles
V.2. Linear antennas networks
V.2.1. Periodic log
V.2.2. Yagi-UDA
V.2.3. Dipole pannels
V.3. Helical
V.4. Horns
V.5. Antennas with reflectors
V.5.1. Flat reflector
V.5.2. Corner reflector
V.5.3. Simple parabolical reflector
V.5.3.1. Cassegrain System
V.5.3.2. Gregorian System
V.5.3.3. Off-Set System
V.6. “Loop” Antennas
V.7. “Slot” Antennas
V.8. Microstrip Antennas

VI. Antenna Measurements
VI.1. Impedance
VI.2. Radiation diagrams
VI.3. Gain
VI.4. Merit Figure (G/T)


Antennas and Propagation

Objective: To povide an overview about antennas and the most commonly used types. Will be emphasized frequently used antennas. The professional should leave being fit to specify and, mainly, choose and evaluate antennas for their link. The study of eletromagnetic wave propagation on the atmosphere will be the main topic of the second part of the training, including propagation mechanisms, leaving the professional prepared to understand the phenomena of RF and microwave connection between two points.

Targeted audience: Professionals working on the areas of RF and microwave transmission, as well as cellphone systems, satellite communications and more, who wish to be updated with the techniques of evaluation, projects and propagation and antenna analisys.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

ANTENNAS

I. Introduction
II. Historic
III. Basic Concepts
III.1. Definitions
III.2. Antenna with one terminated transmission line
III.3 Impedance and format considerations
III.4. Coordinates system
III.5. Power theorem and its application in a isotropic source

IV. Antenna Parameters
IV.1. Dimensions
IV.2. The isotropic antenna
VI.3. Radiation diagrams
VI.4. Gain and Directivity
IV.5. Beam width
IV.6. Polarization
IV.7. Impedance
IV.8. Frequency bands
IV.9. Noise temperature
IV.10. Merit factor (G/T)
IV.11. Efficiency
IV.12. Radiation effective area

V. Antenna Types
V.1. Dipoles and monopoles
V.2. Linear antennas networks
V.2.1. Periodic Log
V.2.2. Yagi-UDA
V.2.3. Dipole pannels
V.3. Helical
V.4. Horns
V.5. Antennas with reflectors
V.5.1. Flat reflector
V.5.2. Corner reflector
V.5.3. Simple parabolical reflector
V.1.3.1. Cassegrain System
V.1.3.2. Gregorian System
V.1.3.3. Off-Set System
V.6. “Slot” Antennas
V.7. Microstrip Antennas

PROPAGATION

I. Introduction – Maxwell Equations
II. Frequencies allocation and regulations aspects
III. Propagation
III.1. Eletromagnetic Wave
III.1.1. Introduction
III.1.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
III.1.3. Wave Front
III.1.4. Wave polarization
III.1.5. Guided and non guided waves
III.2. Free space propagation
III.2.1. Free space propagation concept
III.2.2. Free space attenuation
III.3. The propagation mechanisms
III.3.1. Mid transmission constituition
III.3.2. The Troposphere
III.3.3. The Stratosphere
III.3.4. The Ionosphere
III.3.4.1. How the Ionosphere is formed
III.3.4.2. The Ionosphere Layers
III.4. Propagation Mechanisms
III.4.1. ELF Band
III.4.2. VLF Band
III.4.3. LF and MF bands
III.4.4. HF Band
III.4.5. VHF, UHF and SHF bands
III.4.6. Tripodifusion affiliations

IV. Propagation on the links in visible microwaves
IV.1. Ideal link
IV.2. Noise influence
IV.2.1. Digital C/N Relation
IV.3. Practical considerations on the link in 2 to 3 GHz band
IV.4. Atmospheric refraction
IV.4.1. The geometrical horizon
IV.4.2. Refrection Phenomenon
IV.4.3. Two-midea interface
IV.4.4. Refractivity Gradient
IV.5. Earth’s Equivalent Radius
IV.6. Multiways Alterations
IV.6.1. Invertion Layer
IV.7. Ground Effects on propagation
IV.7.1. Obstacles Effect – Fresnel Zones
IV.7.2. Fresnel Ellipsoid
IV.8. Obstacles Effect on radio links
IV.8.1. Many obstacles analisys method
IV.8.2. Epstein – Peterson
IV.8.3. Deygout
IV.8.4. Bullington Method
IV.9. Ground reflections
IV.9.1. Reflection – reflection coefficient
IV.9.2. Parameters that influence microwave band reflection
IV.9.3. Reflection effects analisys

V. Fading
V.1. Fading Concept
V.2. Atmospheric Multiways
V.3. Spectular Reflection
V.4. Diffraction due to low K values
V.5. Anomalies produced bu ducts
V.6. Superficial duct
V.7. Elevated duct
V.8. Fading due to rain effect
V.8.1. 530 ITU-R Recomendation – Fading due to rain effect
V.9. Ther effects
V.10. “Fadimg” Probability Calculation
V.11. Ground Roughness

VI. MArgin and Reliability
VI.1. 530 ITU-R Recomendation
VI.2. ITU-R Method 1 for Fading Margin Calculation
VI.3. ITU-R Method 2 for Fading Margin Calculation
VI.4. Techniques to relief the multiways effects
VI.5. Calculation exemple of signal power recieved in a visible microwave link
VI.5.1. Links
VI.5.2. Obstruction Analisys
VI.5.3. Reflection Probabilities Analisys


Eletromagnetic Compatibility

Objective: The objective of this training is to present the basic principles on Systems Analisys, Regarding the problematic EMI/EMC. Measurements standards and procedures will also be focused.

Targeted audience: Professionals involved, directly or indirectly, wirh electromagnetic probability tests.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

1. Introduction:

  •  EMI/EMC tests Philosophy;
  •  Standards and Procedures;
  •  MIL-STD-461/464 Standards;
  •  Anatel 442 Resolution.

2. Fundamentals:

  •  Conducted Emissions;
  •  Irradiated Emissions;
  •  Breadband and Narrow band measurements;
  •  Espectral ocupation;
  •  Repetitive pulses;
  •  Narrow pulses and impulses spectrum;
  •  Coherent and incoherent emissions.

3. Measurements

  •  Current tip;
  •  Transference impedance;
  •  Line stabilization networks (LISN);
  •  Close field and distant fields;
  •  Antennas Factor;
  •  Devices for susceptibility tests;
  •  Band comparation;
  •  Detector types;
  •  Monopole antennas;
  •  Biconical antennas;
  •  Log-periodic antennas;
  •  DRG antennas;
  •  Power oscilator for susceptibility measurements;
  •  Antennas for susceptibility tests;
  •  Electrostatic discharges  (ESD);
  •  “Spikes” generators;
  •  Audio isolator transformers;
  •  RF isolation Networks;
  •  EMP test injectors;
  •  TEM Cells;
  •  Structures for magnetic fields production;
  •  SAR (specific absortion ratio) Concept;
  •  Anatel 303 Resolution.

4. Shielding and testing sites

    •  Project considerations;
    •  Open area sites;
    •  Anechoic chambers;
    •  Antenna measurement errors evaluation;
    •  Receptors measuremente errors evaluation;
    •  Anatel 442 resolution test procedures comments and evaluation;
    •  MIL-STD-461 Standard test procedures comments and evaluation.

5. Considerations of in circuir projects

    •  Introduction;
    •  Effective shielding;
    •  Reflection loss;
    •  Absorption loss;
    •  Metalic walls shielding with openings;
    •  Bee hive type pannels shielding;
    •  Penetration depth;
    •  Conductive shielding impedance;
    •  Eletromagnetic interference loss;
    •  Commom mode chains;
    •  Source filters;
    •  Audio interference and retraction;
    •  Printed circuits considerations;
    • &bnsp;Microstrip lines and stripline evaluation.

Satellite Communication

Objective: To provide an overview of transmission and reception systems via satellite. Important analisys for link evaluation will be presented, as well as exemples of working systems. Satellite types and link calculations are part of the training.

Targeted audience:Professionals working in operation, project or implementation of satellite links.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

Chapter I – Review
I.1. Transmission lines
I.2. Antennas
I.3. System noises
I.4. Analogical modulation systems
I.4.1. Transmission without distortion
I.4.2. Band Requirements for operations with Digital Circuits
I.4.3. Spectrum Analyzer Principles
I.4.4. Spectrum Analyzer controls and parameters
I.4.5. AM Modulation
I.4.6. FM Modulation
I.5. IM2, SINAD, BER
I.5.1. Compression Point and IM3
1.5.1.1. 3rd Order Interception Point
1.5.1.2. Component Representation in the shape of dB
I.5.1.3. Back-off
I.5.2. SINAD
I.5.2.1. Definition
I.5.2.2. Sinad measurement aplications
I.5.3. BER
I.5.3.1. Introduction
I.5.3.2. BER Definition

Chapter II – Digital Communications
II.1. Introduction
II.2. Why Digital Modulationl?
II.3. The Polar Vetorial Display
II.4. Symbol Rate
II.5. BPSK Modulation
II.6. QPSK Modulation
II.7. QAM Modulation
II.8. Band efficiency in Digital Modulations
II.9. Channel Capacity Theorem (SHANNON)
II.10. Filtration
II.11. The effects of Passing Through the origin
II.11.1. The OQPSK System
II.11.2. 4 DQPSK System

Chapter III – Satellite Links
III.1. Geostationary Satellite Link
III.1.1. The Evolution of Technology
III.1.2. The Satellite Communications
III.1.3. Footprints and satellite types
III.1.4. Brasilsat – The Brazillian Satellite
III.1.5. Satellite positioning
III.1.6. Pointing coordinates calculations for stationary satellite on the Equator
III.1.7. Magnetic Declination
III.1.8. Transponders
III.1.9. Satellite link Sizing
III.1.10. Signal/Noise Relationship Requirements
III.1.10.1. Married Filter
III.1.10.2. Pre-Enphasis and de-Enphasis
III.1.10.3. Variation effects on the signal/noise repationship on TV image
III.1.10.4. Threshold Effects
III.1.11. Rain Effects
III.2. Satellite station amplifiers
III.2.1. TWTAs: Main features
III.2.2. KPAs: Main features
III.2.3. TWTAs and KPAs Intermodulation
III.2.4.  Linearizers: uses and advantages


Transmission lines

Objective: To provide an overview of transmission lines (coaxial cables, waveguides, and transmission lines, in general) for RF and microwaves. Tha mainly transmission lines used in links will be presented, being them low or high power, including metodologies to choose the best type. This also includes existing connectors and adapters. Fundamental for professionals who evaluate, design and inspect high frequency systems in general.

Targeted audience:Proffessionals working in the areas of RF and microwave transmissions, such as cellphone systems, satellite communications and more, who wish to update or get to know a part of the extremelly important system. This technology is not important only on radio links, but in any area that uses high frequencies.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. Electromagnetism Fundamentals

I.1. Diamagnetism
I.2. Paramagnetism
I.3. Ferromagnetism
I.4. Ferrimagnetism e Antiferromagnetism
I.5. Maxwell Equations
I.5.1. H and Ampère Law
I.5.2. Current Displacement
I.5.3. Faraday Law
I.5.4. Gauss Law
I.5.5. Eletromagnetic waves propagation

II . Transmission lines

II.1 . Introduction
II.2 . Transmission line equivalent circuit
II.3 . No loss transmission line
II.4 . Reflection coeficient
II.5 . impedance on any point of the line
II.6 . Stationary wave coeficient (COE)
II.6.a. Return loss measurement
II.6.b. measuremente precision
II.7 . Impedance Maximum and minimum on the transmission line
II.8 . */4 Transformer
II.9 . Coaxial line
II.9.a. Skin effect
II.9.b. Coaxial cables attenuation
II.9.c. The split coaxial cable
II.10 . Smith’s Letter
II.11 . “Line” Program
Appendix II.1 . Subsystems Interconnection
II.12 – Microstrip line and Stripline project analysis

III . Connectors

III.1 . Introduction
III.2 . UHF Connectors
III.3 . N Connectors
III.4 . HN Connectors
III.5 . BNC Connectors
III.6 . TNC Connectors
III.7 . APC 2.4 Connectors
III.8 . APC 3.5 Connectors
III.9 . APC.7 Connectors
III.10 . APC.7S Connectors
III.11 . APC.N Connectors
III.12 . SMA Connectors
III.13 . K Connectors
III.14 . V Connectors

IV . Waveguides

IV.1 . Introduction
IV.2 . Wave types that propagates on waveguides
IV.3 . Cut frequency
IV.4 . “m” and “n” number interpretation
IV.5 . Propagation dominant mode on the rectangular waveguide
IV.6 . Under cut waveguide
IV.7 . waveGuide features table
IV.8 . Excitement and reception of waves in waveguides and cavities
IV.9 . Superior modes excitemente by discontinuity on the waveguides
IV.10 . Field configurations on the waveguides
IV.11 . Rectangular waveguides power restrictions
IV.12 . Solution for TM waves in hollow rectangular waveguides
IV.13 . Fase speed or group calculations on rectangular waveguides
IV.14 . Spreader modes abacus on a hollow rectangular waveguide
IV.15 . Cilindrical waveguides
IV.16 . Cut frequency

V. Transmission lines application exemples


Microwave and RF Devices Measurements

Objective: To provide an overview on the RF and microwave measurements techniques. Measurements and important analisys will be presented for the evaluation of devices such as attenuators, circulators, directional couplers, hybrids, amplifiers and others, as well as tradicionally executed measurements examples. This training is, with no doubt, the first any technician or engineer shoud perform before iniciating any laboratory or field activities in this area.

Targeted audience:Proffessionals working on operation, implementation, project, fiscalization and evaluation okf RF and microwave systems in general.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. Introduction

II. The Spectrum Analyzer

II.1. Fourier Series Concepts
II.2. Linear and Non Linear Circuits
II.3. No distortion transmissions
II.4. Band requirements for digital circuits operations
II.5. Main Spectrum Analyzers
II.6. Precautions on the use of the Spectrum Analyzer
II.7. Measurements with the Spectrum Analyzer
II.7.1. Power and frequency measurements
II.7.2. AM Modulation
II.7.3. AM Distortion
II.7.4. FM Modulation
II.7.5. Intermodulation

III. The Network Analyzer

III.1. Basic Concepts
III.2. Scalar and Vector Analyzers
III.3. Block diagrams for four-terminal networks measurements
III.4. Network Analyzer Principles
III.5. Precautions in the use of the Network Analyzer
III.6. Network Analyzer Measurements
III.6.1. Vector Measurements
III.6.1.1. Impedance X Frequency
III.6.1.2. Group delay X Frequency
III.6.1.3. Fase X Frequency
III.6.2. Scalar Measurements
III.6.2.1. Power measurements
III.6.2.2. Amplitude X Frequency
III.6.2.3. Return Loss X Frequency

IV. Antenna Measurements

VI.1. Impedance
VI.2. Radiation Diagrams
VI.3. Gain
VI.4. Merit figure (G/T)

V. Accessories and auxiliar equipments considerations.


Principles in Vector Modulation and Satellite Up-Link RF Measurements

Objective: To provide an overview about RF measurements performed on Satellite Up-links. Commonly used RF measurements will be presented, using a spectrum analyzer and a power meter, including the main cares for handling theese equipments.

Targeted audience:Proffessionals working on the areas of transmission stations and satellite reception, such as SNG, Flyway, Stationary stations, who wish to update on the RF measurements techniques on those station types.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I.Introduction

I.1. Why digital modulation?
I.2. The polar vector display
I.3. Symbol rate
I.4. BER
I.5.1. Eb/No Definition
I.5.2. BER Definition
I.6. BPSK Modulation
I.7. QPSK Modulation
I.8. QAM Modulation
I.9. Digital modulation band efficiency
I.10. Channel capacity Theorem (Shannon)
I.11. Filtering
I.11.1. Nyquist Standard for ISI Cancelling
I.11.2. Elevated Cosine Filters
I.11.3. Gaussian Pulses Formation Filters
I.11.4. Filtering effects on the Vector Diagram
I.12. Effects of Passing Through the Origin
I.13. OQPSK System
I.13.1. Eye Diagram

II. Communications via Satellite

II.1. Geostationatry Satellite Link
II.2. The Evolution of Technology
II.3. The Satellite Communications
II.4. Transponders
II.5. Satellite link sizing
II.6. The DVB-S2 Standard
II.7. DVB-S2X standard extention

III. Compression Points on Power Amplifiers and Intermodulation Basic Concepts

III.1. Introduction
III.2. Compression Point
III.3. 3rd Order Interception Point
III.3.1. dB form component representation
III.3.2. Intermodulation measurements with the Spectrum Analyzer
III.4. Back-off
III.4.1. Transference features for solid state and valve anplifiers
III.5. Linearizers applied to TWTAs


Radar Principles

Objective: To provide an overview of the radar systems with both military and civilian applications. Important analisys for the evaluation of a radar system will be presented, as well as exemples of functioning systems.

Targeted audience:Proffessionals working on the operation or implementation of radar systems.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. History

II. Radar equation

II.1. Noise
II.2. Reception probablility
II.3. Targets straight section
II.4. Antennas parameters
II.5. Maximum reach
II.6. Pulse integration
II.7. Ambiguities
II.8. PRF Types
II.9. Propagation Effects

III. MTI and Doppler radar

III.1. Clutter
III.2. Moving target indicator (MTI)
III.3. Doppler pulse radar
III.4. Doppler processing
III.5. Doppler ambiguity

IV. Tracking Radars

IV.1. Sequential Lobing
IV.2. Conic scan
IV.3. Monopulse Systems

V. Radar Transmiters

V.1. Magnetrons
V.2. Kystron
V.3. Transistorized Systems

VI. Antennas

VI.1. Principles
VI.2. Antenna types
VI.3. Sets
VI.4. Radomes

VII. Receptors

VII.1. Noise figura
VII.2. Minimal detectable signal
VII.3. Protetors
VII.4. TR Cells
VII.5. Blind distance
VII.6. Detector types
VII.7. Coherent oscilators

VIII. Pulse Compression

VIII.1. History
VIII.2. Basic principles
VIII.3. SAW
VIII.4. Analogic systems analisys
VIII.5. Digital systems analisys
VIII.6. Application exemples

IX. Meteorologic Radars

IX.1. Introduction
IX.2. Meteorologic radar equation
IX.3. System description

X. Secondary Radars

X.1. Introduction
X.2. System description
X.3. Reach analisys
X.4. Utilized antenna types
X.5. RSLS and ISLS
X.6. Main features and limitations


RF Projects

Objective: The objective is the presentation of analisys techniques and RF project, having in view its practical application in developing and fabrication of circuits.

Targeted audience: The training is destinated to technitians and engineers who work in the high frequency and microwaves areas.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. Transmission Lines

  • Reflection Coefficient
  • Stationary Wave Coefficient
  • Return Loss
  • 4/ λg Transformer
  • Coaxial Line
  • Bifilar Line
  • Stripline
  • Microstrip Line

II. Devices

  • Hybrid 90º Couplers
  • Power Dividers
  • Power Combiners

III. Circuit Parameters

  • Y Parameters
  • S Parameters
  • ABCD Parameters
  • ABCD Parameters Circuit Analisys

IV. High Frequency Circuit Noise

  • Noise Figure
  • Noise Temperature
  • Noise Equivalent Band
  • Noise figure variation With Source Impedance

Obs.: Circuit calculations and measurement exemples will be presented in all chapters.


Radiolinks and Propagation

Objective: To provide an overview of the propagation in a radiolink. The study of electromagnetic wave propagation in the atmosphere will be the main focus of the first part, including propagaion mechanisms, leaving the proffessional prepared to understand the phenomena of the two point RF and microwave links. Link techniques will be presented, including their problems and to illustrate real life situations of Radio link projects.

Targeted audience:Proffessionals working in the areas of RF and microwave transmission, such as Cellphone systems, satellite communications and more, who desire to update on the techniques of evaluation, project and analisys of links and propagation.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. Introduction

II. Regulamentatory aspects ans Frequency Allocation

III. Propagation

III.1. Electromagnetic Wave
III.1.1. Introduction
III.1.2. Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
III.1.3. Wave front
III.1.4. Wave polarization
III.1.5. Guided and non guided waves
III.2. Free space propagation
III.2.1. Free space propagation concepts
III.2.2. Free space attenuation
III.3. The propagation mechanisms
III.3.1. Mid transmission constitution
III.3.2. The Troposphere
III.3.3. The Stratosphere
III.3.4. The Ionosphere
III.3.4.1. How is the Ionosphere formed
III.3.4.2.  The Ionosphere Layers
III.4. Propagation mechanisms
III.4.1. ELF Band
III.4.2. VLF Band
III.4.3. LF and MF Bands
III.4.4. HF Band
III.4.5. VHF, UHF and SHF Bands
III.4.6. Tropodifusion links

IV. Visible Microwave Links Propagation

IV.1. Ideal link
IV.2. Noise Influence
IV.2.1. C/N Digital Relationship
IV.3. Practical considerations on links of bands from 2 to 3 GHz
IV.4. Atmospheric refraction
IV.4.1. The geometric horizon
IV.4.2. Refraction phenomenom
IV.4.3. Two means interface
IV.4.4. Refractivity gradient
IV.5. Earth’s Equivalent Radius
IV.6. Multiways Alteration
IV.6.1. Inversion Layer
IV.7. Ground effects on propagation
IV.7.1. Obstacle effect – Fresnel Zones
IV.7.2. Fresnel’s Ellipsoid
IV.8. Obstacle Effect on radio links
IV.8.1. Multi Obstacles Analisys Method
IV.9. Ground reflections
IV.9.1. Reflection – Reflection coefficient
IV.9.2. Parameters that influence on the microwave beam reflection
IV.9.3. Reflection effects analisys

V. Fading

V.1. Fading Concept
V.2. Atmospheric Multiways
V.3. Specular Reflection
V.4. Diffraction Due to Low K Values
V.5. Anomalies Produced by Ducts
V.6. Superficial Duct
V.7. Elevated Duct
V.8. Fading due to rain effect
V.8.1. 530 ITU-R Recommendation – Fading due to rain effect
V.8.2. Plain and selective fading


Cable TV and Large Band Networks – CATV

Objective: To provide an overview of the cable TV (CATV) systems, including all subproducts generated by the existence of the network, such as: telephony, internet and interactive systems. Important analisys for the evaluation of a complete system will be presented, as well as exemples of functioning systems.

Targeted audience:Proffessionals working on operation, implementation, project an evaluation of CATV systems. Also indicated for proffessional working in the areas of planning and marketing, which, in this case, the program could change in some parts.

Workload: 12 hours

Summary

I. Introduction
I.1. Definition
I.2. History
I.3. References
I.4. Worldwide cable TV
I.5. DBS / DTH Statistics (Cable TV via satellite)
I.6. Worldwide CATV Statistics
I.7. Technology comparation
I.8. Telephony oer the cable
I.9. Cable TV in Brazil
I.10. Cable TV programming
I.11. CATC frequency spectrum
I.12. Digital TV and data bidirectional communication
I.13. Cable internet abroad
I.14. Cable internet in Brazil

II. Head End
II.1. Basic Composition
II.2. Definition
II.3. Comparation with other means of Cable TV
II.4. Signal reception
II.4.1. Satellite
II.4.2. Off air RF
II.4.3. Optical Fiber
II.4.4. Terrestrial Microwaves
II.4.5. Coaxial Cable
II.4.6. Local Generation
II.5. The decibell
II.5.1. dBmV
II.5.2. dBmW
II.6. Signal routing
II.7. Scrambling
II.8. Channel Modulators
II.9. Combiners
II.10. Optical receptors and trsmiters
II.11. Control and Monitoration

III. Coaxial Networks
III.1. Coaxial Cable
III.2. Connectors
III.3. Signal Distortions and Degradations
III.3.1. CTB
III.3.2. CSO
III.3.3. C/N
III.3.4. XMOD
III.3.5. Cable Standards (Anatel)
III.4. Active and Passive Componnents
III.4.1. Power Dividers
III.4.2. Directional Couplers
III.4.3. Equalizers
III.4.4. Power Suppliers
III.4.5. Polarization Inserters
III.4.6. Amplifiers
III.4.6.1. Trunk
III.4.6.2. Line extender
III.4.6.3. Prediais
III.4.7. Optical Receptors
III.5. Information for designs
III.5.1. Simbology
III.5.2. Maps
III.5.3. Especifications
III.5.4. Coaxial stretch teaching project
III.5.5. Unitary Gain Concept
III.5.6. Return Channel Calculation Notions
III.5.7. Subscribers Internal Networks

IV. CATV Opical Fibers
IV.1. Introduction
IV.2. The Transmission Line (The Fiber)
IV.3. Monomode and Multimode Fiber Types
IV.4. Transmission Features
IV.5. Optical Components
IV.5.1. Power Dividers
IV.5.2. Amendments
IV.5.3. Optical connectors
IV.5.4. Optical switches
IV.5.5. Laser
IV.5.6. Optical Receptors
IV.6. Optical Modulation Technology

V. Optical and Coaxial Architecture (HFC Networks)
V.1. Cellphone System Architecture
V.2. Hybrid Architecture (HFC)
V.3. Optical stretch project
V.4. Optical stretch distortion calculation
V.5. HFC Networks Reliability
V.6. References

VI. Measurements and Monitoring Introduction
VI.1. Video Signal
VI.2. Audio Signal
VI.3. Necessary instrumentation
VI.4. Modulated Signal
VI.4.1. Analogic
VI.4.2. Digital

VII. Interesting Sites on the Internet